The OWASP Top 10 is a widely recognized document that lists the top 10 most critical security risks to web applications. It is created and maintained by the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving software security.

The OWASP Top 10 serves as a guideline for developers, security professionals, and organizations to understand and prioritize the most prevalent and impactful vulnerabilities in web applications. By addressing these vulnerabilities, organizations can enhance the security of their web applications and mitigate potential risks.

The specific vulnerabilities included in the OWASP Top 10 may evolve over time as new threats emerge and existing vulnerabilities are mitigated. As of the last update in 2021, the OWASP Top 10 list includes the following vulnerabilities:

1. Injection: This includes SQL injection, NoSQL injection, and other injection vulnerabilities where untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query.
2. Broken Authentication: Weaknesses in authentication mechanisms such as insufficient credential management, session fixation, and poor password management.
3. Sensitive Data Exposure: Failure to properly protect sensitive data such as passwords, credit card numbers, and personal information through encryption or other security measures.
4. XML External Entities (XXE): Vulnerabilities arising from the insecure processing of XML input, which can lead to disclosure of sensitive information, server-side request forgery (SSRF), and other attacks.
5. Broken Access Control: Inadequate access controls that allow unauthorized users to access restricted functionality or data.
6. Security Misconfiguration: Poorly configured security settings, default configurations, and other misconfigurations that expose vulnerabilities and increase the attack surface.
7. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Vulnerabilities that allow attackers to execute malicious scripts in the context of a victim’s browser, leading to data theft, session hijacking, and other attacks.
8. Insecure Deserialization: Vulnerabilities related to the insecure handling of serialized objects, which can lead to remote code execution, authentication bypass, and other exploits.
9. Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities: Failure to update or patch third-party libraries, frameworks, and components, which may contain known vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit.
10. Insufficient Logging and Monitoring: Inadequate logging and monitoring of security events, which hinders detection and response to security incidents.

It’s essential for organizations to regularly assess their web applications for these vulnerabilities and implement appropriate security measures to mitigate the risks they pose. Additionally, developers should follow secure coding practices and incorporate security into the software development lifecycle to minimize the likelihood of introducing vulnerabilities into their applications.